公众科学在水文领域的应用现状与未来

水文数据对水资源可持续管理与利用至关重要，但受到监测成本和技术的限制，给水文数据的获取和长期监测网络的搭建带来压力。公众科学是一种新兴且具有成本效益的数据获取手段，可有效缓解数据短缺、时空分布不均、分辨率低等数据瓶颈，在国际的水文学领域已有了一定的应用研究，但目前国内研究甚少，且未对该研究成果和未来发展前景进行汇总分析。因此，本文开展了公众科学在水文领域的应用现状和未来的综述分析，首先，从定义、公民参与的形式和涉及水文研究阶段、与水文学发展相互作用方面对公众科学进行了概述。其次，通过文献计量和项目统计的方法分析了水文背景下公众科学的现状，研究表明：公众科学在水文学中的研究呈上升趋势，尤其是近5年快速发展，研究涉及地表水、地下水、饮用水、生态环境等方面，且覆盖全球范围；研究主要集中于欧美国家发达国家，而我国仍处于初步发展阶段；公众科学对水文学的贡献主要是数据获取和补充，在公民深入参与多阶段水文研究仍具有很大的潜力。同时，回顾了公众科学在降雨、流量/水位、水质、土壤湿度等领域的应用情况，其中传感器、物联网、新兴技术的发展可更好地服务水文研究。最后，从水文数据市场、水文分析技术和水文知识探索三方面探讨了公众科学在水文学应用中的前沿问题与未来展望，以期为未来公众科学在水文领域的发展指明方向。

Application Status and Future of Citizen Science in Hydrology

Hydrologic data is crucial to sustainable management and utilization of water resources, but it is limited by monitoring cost and technology, which brings pressure to the acquisition of hydrological data and the establishment of long-term monitoring network. Citizen science is a promising and cost-effective means of data acquisition, which can effectively alleviate the problem of data shortage, uneven distribution, and low spatial and temporal resolution. It has been studied and applied in the international hydrology field. however, there is little related research of in China, and no summary analysis of the research results and future development prospects has been conducted. Citizen science promotes the interaction and feedback process between hydrology and society. Firstly, this paper systematically introduced citizen science from the aspects of its definition, form and scientific research stage of citizen participation, and the interaction with hydroloical development. Secondly, the current status of citizen science in the field of hydrology was analyzed by literature and project statistics. The result shown that the research of citizen science in hydrology is on the rise, especially in the past five years. The research was widely studied in American and European, while China is still in the initial stage of development. The contribution of citizen science to hydrology was mainly data acquisition and supplement. It also has great potential for citizens to deeply participate in multi-stage hydrological research. At the same time, citizen science have certain applications in rainfall, flow/water level, water quality, soil moisture and so on. The development of sensors, Internet of things and emerging technologies can better serve hydrological research. Finally, the frontier problems and future prospects of this research in terms of data market, hydrological analysis technology and hydrological knowledge exploration were discussed, so as to point out the direction for the development of citizen science in this field in the future.