Head-loss reduction in the water-intakes/outlets of pumped-storage tower (shaft)-type power plants

1.	The installation of a conical transitional segment between a tower (shaft)-type water intake-outlet and penstock affects a significant reduction in head loss in the pump mode, but has virtually no effect on the magnitude of the latter in the pump mode.
2.	The existence of a conical transitional element in the pump mode appreciably lowers the discharge velocities of the flow and increases the effective height of the water-passing openings by 1.5–1.7 times when the height of the intake openings h0.5dp.
3.	The head losses in the intake-outlet decrease in the pump mode of operation with increasing degree of expansion of the transitional diffusor segment.

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 21–23, November, 1992.