Environmental contaminants and human health in the Canadian Arctic |
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| Authors: | S.G. Donaldson,J. Van Oostdam,M. Feeley,P. Ayotte,W. Bowers,F. Dallaire,É . Dewailly,G.M. Egeland,C. Furgal,E. Loring,T. Nancarrow,P. Plusquellec,O. Receveur |
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| Affiliation: | a Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9b Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6c Research and Monitoring, FNIHB, Health Canada, 200 Eglantine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9d Toxicological Evaluation Section, HPFB, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9e Inuvik and Stanton Regional/Territorial Health Authorities; and, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Canadaf Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Université Laval, 2875 Boulevard Laurier, Édifice Delta 2, bureau 600, Québec QC, Canada G1V 2M2g École de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Local 1116, QC, Canada G1V 0A6h Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Rm 236A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9i University of Northern British Columbia, Community Health Sciences Program, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, Canada V2N4Z9j Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, and the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canadak Department of Indian and Northern Development, Northern Science and Contaminants Research Directorate, 10 Wellington St, Gatineau, Quebec, K1A 0H4l Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (CINE) and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste.Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9m Office of Community Medicine, FNIHB, Health Canada, 200 Eglantine Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9n Department of Environmental and Resources Studies/Science and Department of Indigenous Studies, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 7B8o Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Health and Environment, 75 Albert Street, Suite 1101, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1P 5E7p Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale Direction régionale de santé publique, 2400 D'Estimauville, Québec, QC, Canada G1E 7G9q Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canadar Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2405 ch. Côte Ste Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1A8 |
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| Abstract: | The third Canadian Arctic Human Health Assessment conducted under the Canadian Northern Contaminants Program (NCP), in association with the circumpolar Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), addresses concerns about possible adverse health effects in individuals exposed to environmental contaminants through a diet containing country foods. The objectives here are to: 1) provide data on changes in human contaminant concentrations and exposure among Canadian Arctic peoples; 2) identify new contaminants of concern; 3) discuss possible health effects; 4) outline risk communication about contaminants in country food; and 5) identify knowledge gaps for future contaminant research and monitoring. The nutritional and cultural benefits of country foods are substantial; however, some dietary studies suggest declines in the amount of country foods being consumed. Significant declines were found for most contaminants in maternal blood over the last 10 years within all three Arctic regions studied. Inuit continue to have the highest levels of almost all persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and metals among the ethnic groups studied. A greater proportion of people in the East exceed Health Canada's guidelines for PCBs and mercury, although the proportion of mothers exceeding these guidelines has decreased since the previous assessment. Further monitoring and research are required to assess trends and health effects of emerging contaminants. Infant development studies have shown possible subtle effects of prenatal exposure to heavy metals and some POPs on immune system function and neurodevelopment. New data suggest important beneficial effects on brain development for Inuit infants from some country food nutrients. The most successful risk communication processes balance the risks and benefits of a diet of country food through input from a variety of regional experts and the community, to incorporate the many socio-cultural and economic factors to arrive at a risk management decision that will be the most beneficial in Arctic communities. |
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| Keywords: | Arctic health Country food Infant Legacy and emerging environmental contaminant monitoring Maternal Metals Organochlorines Risk communication |
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