德国分布式电源的发展经验及其启示

德国是世界上分布式电源发展的典范,尤其是在发展用户侧光伏发电系统方面积累了丰富的经验。德国强调立法的科学性和可操作性,借助灵活的上网电价机制,兼顾各方利益,充分调动各方积极性,同时通过简单便捷的管理流程、明确严格的并网技术标准,依托配电网和大电网建设,实现光伏发电的积极、有序、可持续发展。我国分布式电源并网管理整体来看已走在世界前列,但仍需在政策体系和管理机制上进一步优化。建议我国应借鉴德国经验,将中长期发展目标与年度计划有效衔接,采用灵活的上网电价调整机制,根据装机规模合理调整上网电价;加快建立适应分布式电源的项目全过程管理机制;加快分布式电源标准体系建设,保障公共电网安全稳定;借鉴德国的三量双价制:电网企业利用既有网络、技术和服务优势,负责上、下网电量和系统发电量的计量,政府给予自用电量电价补贴,鼓励合理确定项目装机容量或通过储能装置提高自用电量;加快推进智能电网建设。

German Experience in Developing Distributed Power Systems and Lessons for China

Germany is a model for the development of distributed power systems in the world and has espe- cially rich experience in developing the user-side photovoltaic system.Germany stressed the scientific rationali- ty and operability of legislations ,took into account the interests of all parties and fully aroused the enthusi- asm of all parties by leveraging its flexible feed-in tariff mechanism.With simple and convenient management processes and clear and strict grid integration standards and through the construction of distribution networks and transmission networks,Germany＇s photovoltaic system achieved growth in a scientific,orderly and sustain- able manner.China is now already at the forefront of distributed power grid integration management but still needs to optimize its policy system and management mechanism.China should draw on German experience. Firstly,China should well align its annual plans with its medium--and long-term development objectives, adopt flexible feed-in tariff adjustment mechanism,and adjust the tariff according to installed capacity.Sec- ondly,China should accelerate the establishment of the whole-process management mechanism suitable for distributed power systems.Thirdly,China should accelerate the development of technical standards for distribut- ed power systems to guarantee system security and stability.Fourthly,China should borrow Germany＇s ＂double- prices and three-quantities＂ mechanism,namely,gird and utility operators are responsible for the measurement of power going in and out of grids as well as electricity output from systems by making full use of their existing network,technology and service advantages,and the government offers subsidies for self-consuming electricity to encourage the determination of installed capacities of projects in a reasonable manner or to in- crease the amount of electricity self-consumed with the use of energy storage devices.Lastly,it is very impor- tant to accelerate construction of smart grids.