炸药的多相界面环境行为与归趋研究进展

以三硝基甲苯(TNT)、环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)和环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)为代表的含能化合物具有较强的毒性,进入环境后会在土壤?水体?生物体系中发生复杂的再分配和迁移转化,并危害生态系统和人类健康。在总结国内外场地含能化合物污染现状的基础上,综述了土壤中TNT、RDX和HMX三种炸药溶解/沉淀、挥发、吸附/解吸、光解、水解、还原、微生物降解以及被植物吸收和转化等环境行为的研究进展,分析了炸药和土壤的物理化学性质以及场地环境条件对这些复杂环境行为的影响,并简要介绍了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL?20)等新型炸药环境行为的最新研究成果。综合国内外研究现状,建议进一步加强对海洋弹药污染以及含能化合物与重金属复合污染效应的研究,并注重应用单体同位素等最新技术研究炸药的环境行为和归趋。

A Review on Environmental Behavior and Fate of Explosives in Multiphase Interfaces

Energetic compounds represented by trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) are highly toxic. When released into the environment, these energetic compounds will undergo complex redistribution, migration and transformation in soil-water-organism system, and pose hazards to ecosystems and human health. According to the pollution status of energetic compounds in domestic and foreign sites, the environmental behaviors of TNT, RDX and HMX in soil such as dissolution/precipitation, volatilization, adsorption/desorption, photolysis, hydrolysis, reduction, microbial degradation and plant uptake and transformation were reviewed. The physical and chemical properties of explosives and soils, and the effect of on-site environmental conditions on these complex environmental behaviors were also analyzed. The latest research on the environmental behavior of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and other novel explosives was briefly introduced. Based on the current research status, it is recommended that more attention should be paid to marine environmental ammunition pollution and combined pollution between energetic compounds and heavy metals in the future, and more attention should be paid to the application of the advanced technologies, such as compound-specific stable isotope analysis, to the environmental behavior and fate of explosives.