乌虾酱长期发酵过程中细菌群落演替及对生物胺形成的影响

针对长期发酵（1、2、3 a和8 a）的乌虾酱进行感官评价，用高通量测序技术探究细菌群落演替规律，高效液相色谱技术同步检测6 种生物胺含量。结果发现：随发酵时间延长，虾酱逐渐呈深褐色、L*值下降、b*值先上升后下降、颗粒感消失、腥味和氨味下降、鲜味在发酵2 a达到最大值。虾酱中测得的细菌分属42 个门，894 个属和600 个种；厚壁菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门，四联球菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、肠球菌属、乳酸菌属和玫瑰变色菌属为优势菌属；细菌群落多样性在发酵2 a达到峰值。虾酱中生物胺种类及含量在发酵2 a后逐渐上升，发酵8 a，样品检出腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺。Pearson相关性分析显示，与组胺呈显著正相关的为德沃斯菌属（P＜0.05），与组胺呈极显著负相关的为芽孢杆菌属、劳尔氏菌属、发光杆菌属和葡萄球菌属（P＜0.01）；与腐胺呈极显著正相关的为劳尔氏菌属（P＜0.01），与腐胺呈显著正相关的为假单胞菌属、亚硫酸杆菌属和慢生盐场菌属（P＜0.05）；与尸胺呈极显著正相关的有不动杆菌属（P＜0.01）。本研究为虾酱中功能菌株筛选和生物胺精准防控提供一定理论依据。

Bacterial Community Succession during Long-Term Fermentation of Shrimp Paste and Its Effect on Formation of Biogenic Amines

Sensory characteristics, the succession of bacterial communities and the contents of six biogenic amines during long-term fermentation (1, 2, 3 and 8 years) of shrimp paste were investigated by sensory evaluation, high-throughput sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Results showed that the color of shrimp paste turned dark brown, the L* value declined and the b* value increased then declined, and the grainy mouthfeel disappeared along with the prolongation of fermentation time. Meanwhile, the shrimp-like and ammonia-like smell decreased, and umami taste reached the maximum after two years of fermentation. The bacterial flora detected in shrimp paste comprised 600 species belonging to 894 genera in 42 phyla, with the dominant phyla being Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and the dominant genera being Tetragenococcus, Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Roseovarius, and the bacterial diversity reached a peak after two years of fermentation. The types and contents of biogenic amines in shrimp paste gradually increased as fermentation progressed. Putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermidine were detected in all samples after eight years fermentation. Pearson correlation analysis showed that histamine had a significantly positive correlation with Devosia (P < 0.05), but a significantly negative correlation with Bacillus, Ralstonia, Photobacterium and Staphylococcus (P < 0.01). Putrescine had a significantly positive correlation with Ralstonia (P < 0.01), buta significantly positive correlation with Pseudomonas, Roseicyclus and Sulfitobacter (P < 0.05). Acinetobacter was positively correlated with cadaverine (P < 0.01). The study provides a theoretical basis for screening functional strains and controlling biogenic amines in shrimp paste.