Effect of the pitch-based carbon anode on the capacity loss of lithium-ion secondary battery

The total capacity loss of lithium-ion secondary cell is reduced by engineering the pitch-based carbon anode through one or more of the following methods: attaining a high degree of graphitization, minimizing the surface oxygen concentration, attaining a large crystal size L_c, degassing, and use of PVDF in place of teflon as the binder.