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Alpha: From the International Style to the International Space Station

Authors:	Constance Adams Rod Jones

Abstract:	How has a Modernist predilection for the modular contributed to the design of Space Architecture? Leading space architects Constance Adams and Rod Jones highlight how by embracing a diligent modularity in the early 1980s, NASA initiated a design approach that has enabled replicability, flexibility and technological transparency, and has proved the International Space Station resilient in the face of multiple logistical, financial and political challenges.

Keywords:	Modularity International Space Station NASA Modernist ‘Alpha’ ‘Space Station Reference Configuration’ Space Shuttle Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne International Style La Sarraz Europe First World War Soviet Union North and South America Arts and Crafts movement Bauhaus Garden City movement Bolshevism Mercury missions Wernher von Braun Moon Mars Gemini Apollo Skylab extra-vehicular activity (EVA) Space Transportation System STS Space Station Common Module Rack system Cargo Transfer Bag (CTB) Endeavour Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Kibo laboratory Raffaello mini-pressurised logistics module (MPLM) Kennedy Space Center Florida STS-94 Microgravity Science Laboratory mission Saturn V rocket Apollo 18 Skylab Solar Observatory Orbital Workshop Common Module Atlantis Leonardo