Influence of measurement procedure on quality of impedance spectra on lead-acid batteries

Many battery simulation models, but also electrochemical interpretations are based on impedance spectroscopy. However, the impedance of a battery is influenced by various factors, e.g. in the case of a lead-acid battery: state of charge (SOC), charging or discharging, superimposed dc current, short-term history or homogeneity of the electrolyte. This paper analyses the impact of those factors on impedance spectra of lead-acid batteries. The results show that very detailed information about the conditions during the measurement is crucial for the correct interpretation of a spectrum.