Distributions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in tissue lipid classes of pigs fed a commercial CLA mixture determined by gas chromatography and silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography |
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Authors: | John K G Kramer Najibullah Sehat Michael E R Dugan Magdi M Mossoba Martin P Yurawecz John A G Roach Klaus Eulitz Jennifer L Aalhus Allan L Schaefer Youh Ku |
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Affiliation: | (1) U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 20204 Washington, DC;(2) Lacombe Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, T4L 1W1 Lacombe, Alberta, Canada;(3) Southern Crop Protection, Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 43 McGilvray St., ON, Guelph, Canada, N1G 2W1 |
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Abstract: | Pigs were fed a commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixture, prepared by alkali isomerization of sunflower oil, at 2%
of the basal diet, from 61.5 to 106 kg live weight, and were compared to pigs fed the same basal diet with 2% added sunflower
oil. The total lipids from liver, heart, inner back fat, and omental fat of pigs fed the CLA diet were analyzed for the incorporation
of CLA isomers into all the tissue lipid classes. A total of 10 lipid classes were isolated by three-directional thin-layer
chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) on long capillary columns and by silver-ion high-performance liquid
chromatography (Ag+-HPLC); cholesterol was determined spectrophotometrically. Only trace amounts (<0.1%; by GC) of the 9,11–18∶2 cis/trans and trans, trans isomers were observed in pigs fed the control diet. Ten and twelve CLA isomers in the diet and in pig tissue lipids were
sepatated by GC and Ag+-HPLC, respectively. The relative concentration of all the CLA isomers in the different lipid classes ranged from 1 to 6%
of the total fatty acids. The four major cis/trans isomers (18.9% 11 cis, 13 trans-18∶2; 26.3% 10 trans, 12 cis-18∶2; 20.4% 9 cis, 11 trans-18∶2; and 16.1% 8 trans, 10 cis-18∶2) constituted 82% of the total CLA isomers in the dietary CLA mixture, and smaller amounts of the corresponding cis,cis (7.4%) and trans,trans (10.1%) isomers were present. The distribution of CLA isomers in inner back fat and in omental fat of the pigs was similar
to that found in the diet. The liver triacylglycerols (TAG), free fatty acids (FFA), and cholesteryl esters showed a similar
patterns to that found in the diet. The major liver phospholipids showed a marked increase of 9 cis,11 trans-18∶2, ranging from 36 to 54%, compared to that present in the diet. However, liver diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) showed a
high incorporation of the 11 cis,13 trans-18∶2 isomer (43%). All heart lipid classes, except TAG, showed a high content of 11 cis,13 trans-18∶2, which was in marked contrast to results in the liver. The relative proportion of 11 cis,13 trans-18∶2 ranged from 30% in the FFA to 77% in DPG. The second major isomer in all heart lipids was 9 cis,11 trans-18∶2. In both liver and heart lipids the relative proportions of both 10 trans,12 cis-18∶2 and 8 trans,10 cis-18∶2 were significantly lower compared to that found in the diet. The FFA in liver and heart showed the highest content of
trans,trans isomers (31 to 36%) among all the lipid classes. The preferential accumulation of the 11 cis,13 trans-18∶2 into cardiac lipids, and in particular the major phospholipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane, DPG, in both heart
and liver, appears unique and may be of concern. The levels of 11 cis,13 trans-18∶2 naturally found in foods have not been established. |
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