桥塞技术的发展历程及现状分析

桥塞与射孔联作为水力压裂的核心技术之一,已成为油气井分段压裂改造的重要工艺技术。桥塞是用于层间封隔的主要工具,其随着完井工艺的进步而不断发展,从最初的可回收式发展到一次性的铸铁桥塞,省去了反复下工具解封和坐封的过程,只需全井筒压裂完后统一下一趟钻去除。当油气井压裂段数增多,特别是水平井的普遍应用,小体积、易磨铣的复合桥塞逐渐替代了铸铁桥塞,提高了磨铣效率。当可溶材料兴起之后,采用可溶材料制造的桥塞由于无需钻磨,提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本,其在井筒中自主溶解解决了深井和超深水平井的磨铣难题。结合水力压裂完井需求,论述了桥塞随其工艺技术的进步更新而不断发展的过程,并对哈里伯顿、斯伦贝谢和威德福公司的桥塞结构加以分析。可溶桥塞与传统的复合桥塞都在向着大通径、小型化的方向发展,在水平井分段压裂中发挥着重要作用。

The Development and Current Situation of Bridge Plug Technology

As one of the core technologies of hydraulic fracturing, bridge plug and perforation has become an important technology in fracturing of oil and gas well. Bridge plugs are the primary tool used for interlayer isolation and have evolved with the development of the completion process. From the original recoverable to the one-time entry operations cast iron bridge plug, it eliminates the need for repeated tool unplugging and setting, and only needs to be removed by drilling after full wellbore fracturing is completed. When the number of fracturing stages in oil and gas wells increases, especially in the common application of horizontal wells, the composite plug gradually replaces the cast iron plug because of its small size and easy milling, which improves the milling efficiency. When the soluble material appears, the bridge plug made of the soluble material improves the production efficiency and reduces the production cost due to the absence of drilling and grinding. Its self-dissolution in the wellbore solves the milling problem of deep and ultra-deep horizontal wells. Based on the hydraulic fracturing completion demand, the continuous development of bridge plug with its technological progress and update was discussed, and the bridge plug structure of Halliburton, Schlumberger and Weatherford was analyzed. Both the soluble plug and the traditional composite plug are developing towards the direction of large diameter and miniaturization, which play an important role in horizontal well fracturing.