A unified mathematical approach to two-port calibration techniquesand some applications

A rigorous mathematical treatment of microwave network analyzer calibration and de-embedding procedures for the two-port error network representation is used in order to explain current calibration techniques in a succinct and homogeneous manner. It is demonstrated that the essence of through-delay de-embedding techniques consists in the use of two known two-port calibration standards to obtain pairs of similar matrices for the input and output error adapters. Once the characteristic vectors for these matrices are obtained, a number of different approaches can be used in order to solve for the scaling constants