Computational fluid dynamics applied to twin-roll casting

Near-net-shape casting technology is one of the most important research areas in the iron and steel industry today. Driving forces for the development of this technology include a reduction in the number of operations needed for conventionally produced strip. This is especially true of hot rolling operations. The consequent reduction in investment costs, when considering new industrial facilities, makes near-net-shape casting operations extremely attractive from a commercial standpoint.Various processes for near-net-shape casting of steel are currently being developed around the world. Of these processes, the twin-roll casting machines represent a major area of concentration. We believe that one of the main issues concerning the design of twin-roll casters is the metal delivery system and its effects on the homogeneity of solid shell formation, segregation and surface quality.In the present work, computational fluid dynamics has been used to study different metal delivery systems for twin-roll casting. The METFLO code has been adapted to simulate three dimensional turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in this type of machine. The enthalpy-porosity technique was used to couple fluid flow and solidification phenomena. Two configurations for metal delivery system have been studied to date, one is a conventional tubular nozzle with horizontal outlets in the directions of the side dams. The other is a slot nozzle with a vertical inlet stream.These simulations have been applied to a pilot caster being studied in Canada, with a roll radius of 0.30 m, producing steel strips with thicknesses ranging from 4 to 7 mm, at relatively low roll speeds ranging between 4 and 12 m⧹min. Different positions and penetrations of the nozzles in the liquid pool have also been analysed. It has been shown that the tubular nozzle leads to the formation of a solid shell that is thicker at the centre of the caster. The slot nozzle gives a more uniform thickness of the solid shell along the roll width. In both configurations, a thicker solid shell is formed close to the roll edges, due to the presence of the side dams.It has also been demonstrated that the slot nozzle gives lower levels of turbulence at the free surface, which can have positive effects on the product quality.