Paramagnetic Meissner Effect

The explanation for the paramagnetic Meissner effect (PME) in high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) and niobium disks, distinct from previous discussions, is proposed. It is based on the impurity mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity and the general localization approach to the superconductivity problem. Turns of the local magnetic moments of the two-level systems are considered to be the cause of this effect in HTSC. The estimations of the magnetic moment magnitude and the magnetic moment concentration are given. In niobium disks, this effect is also explained by turns of the local magnetic moments, but of another nature. The role of the layered structure is demonstrated. It is shown that the proposed models can explain all available experimental facts. The connection between this effect and the electric field effect in HTSC is discussed.