Role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section examination in determining the extent of thyroidectomy

Ten years' experience with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNEC) was reviewed retrospectively to determine long-term survival and quality of life and to analyze risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Institutional records were queried to identify all neonates who required emergent surgical intervention for NNEC. These records were then reviewed and survivors' families interviewed by phone to determine patient status, persistent gastrointestinal problems, and overall quality of life. Once identified, long-term survivors (LTSs) were compared to in-hospital deaths by the analysis of birth weight, gestational age, time interval from birth to diagnosis, indications for laparotomy, and extent of intestinal involvement. Between 1986 and 1996, 69 patients required surgical intervention for NNEC. Eleven patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 58 patients, 31 were ultimately discharged home, with 28 patients having survived an average of 4.18 years. The acute, or in-hospital, mortality rate was 39.1 per cent. Infants who died did so within an average of 23 days postoperatively, and those who were discharged home required an average of 121 days of inpatient convalescence. Twenty-one of the 28 LTSs achieved a normal quality of life with no persistent health problems. One patient required a hepatic-intestinal transplant, and another six had minor problems with frequent diarrhea. Average birth weight, age at NNEC diagnosis, and gestational age were not significantly different between LTSs and those with acute deaths. Aggressive in-hospital care is warranted for infants with NNEC. The excellent quality of life achieved in 75 per cent of survivors implies that the expense of heroic surgical care for these seriously ill premature infants is a worthwhile investment.