Aflatoxin contamination level in Iran's pistachio nut during years 2009–2011 |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Food and Drug, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;2. Food and Drug Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;3. Physiology–Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran;4. Department of Food Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran;5. School of pharmacy, Kerman university of medical sciences, Kerman, Iran;1. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;1. Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5, PL 87-100 Toruń, Poland;2. LUNAM Université, Université d’Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers Cedex, France;1. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O. Box 55, NO-1332 Østerås, Norway;2. Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;1. Delft University of Technology, Fac. Appl. Sciences, Charged Particle Optics Group, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands;2. Delft University of Technology, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | An efficient monitoring system for sampling, analyzing and issuing the export certificates for pistachio consignments has been established in Iran in recent years. Accordingly, 3181 commercial raw pistachio nut lots were supplied for testing for European export certification since January 2009 till December 2011. Aflatoxin analysis was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean up with recoveries ranging from 77 to 99%. Amongst 8203 sub-samples analyzed, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected in 1921 cases (23.4%) with the mean and median values of 2.18 ± 13.1 ng/g and <LOD, respectively. Total aflatoxin (AFT) was detected in 1927 sub-samples (23.5%) with the mean and median values of 2.42 ± 14.7 ng/g and <LOD, respectively. AFB1 level in 556 (6.78%) and 428 (5.22%) sub-samples was above the maximum tolerable levels set for AFB1 in Iran (5 ng/g) and European Union (EU) (8 ng/g). The mean contamination levels of AFB1 (2.18 ng/g) and AFT (2.42 ng/g) were lower than the maximum tolerable levels set in Iran and EU. The contamination levels of pistachio nut for export to EU were ∼50% of those found in 2002–2003 indicating a satisfying improvement in hygienic conditions of pistachio cultivation, harvesting and post-harvesting practices in Iran. |
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