缺电情况下能开放电力市场吗?——兼论当量电价的应用

大多数发展中国家，特别是中国，电力需求还处在快速增长阶段，而且装机容量本来就不富裕，在投资体制还未理顺甚至还时有短缺的情况下，如何开放和建立电力市场是必须面对的问题。文中讨论了在容量短缺情况下开放和建立电力市场的基本要求：①必须在保持市场效率前提下，给予投资者充分合理的回报以鼓励投资；②必须同时建立容量市场风险制约的投资机制，加以制衡，以形成良性循环；②必须建立能够自动抑制市场电价不合理飞升的交易机制；④政府要有比设置价格上限更为有效合理的监管手段。指出：在规模经济性没有完全消失的条件下，传统边际成本定价方法无法给予容量充分的回报，而且也不能在寡头垄断市场条件下，有效、合理地抑制哄抬电价和持留容量行为，因此一般说来，在容量短缺情况下不适合使用该方法启动电力市场。认为：当量电价在保持市场效率前提下能给予投资者充分合理的回报，鼓励投资；同时引入容量市场风险制约的投资机制，加以制衡；还能自动抑制发电厂商哄抬电价和持留容量的不良行为，并为电力监管提供了清晰的思路，因此，即使在容量短缺情况下开放和建立电力市场，当量电价仍不失为一种可操作的、简单易行的方法。

COULD OPEN ELECTRICITY MARKET WITH CAPACITY INADEQUACY--Remarks on the Application of the Electricity Value Equivalent (EVE) Pricing Method

In most developing countries, especially in China, the electricity demand is still on the increase, the generation installation is not adequacy or even in short as result of faulty investment policies. Could or could not open electricity markets within this situation that is have to face. This paper therefore remarks the elementary conditions for opening electricity markets under such an environment, which include: adequately remunerating generation investments without disturbing the efficient market competition; loading risks on the investors to control the speed and scale in capacity expansion; establishing trading rules that can automatically restrain the price spikes; implementing more effective regulation measures than just setting the price caps. The traditional marginal pricing method is not suitable for the capacity inadequate markets since it cannot produce sufficient revenues for the power industry with economies of scale not totally vanished; moreover, it cannot restrain the price riding behaviors (i.e. the market power problems) of the oligopoly generators. In contrast, the electricity value equivalent (EVE) pricing method can bring adequate while reasonable revenues and effectively restrain the bad strategic behaviors; it also incorporates investment risk mechanisms and logical regulation measures. Therefore, the EVE pricing method is practical even for electricity markets with inadequate generation capacities.