Extrusion and mechanical properties of highly filled cellulose fibre–polypropylene composites |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Engineering Design and Materials, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;2. Division of Manufacturing and Design of Wood and Bionanocomposites, Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden;1. Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden;2. Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland;3. Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland;4. School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden;1. 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal;2. ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal;3. Institute for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;1. Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Chemistry, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt;3. School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada;1. University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Dept. Biomimetics, The Biological Materials Group, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany;2. Faserinstitut Bremen e.V., Am Biologischen Garten 2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;3. Institute for Polymer Materials and Plastics Processing, Clausthal University of Technology, Agricolastr. 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany |
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| Abstract: | This study focused on manufacturing of highly filled cellulose fibre–polypropylene composites and evaluation of the mechanical properties of the composites. Cellulose fibre reinforced polypropylene composites with up to 60 wt% of fibres with and without coupling agent were manufactured by extrusion. In order to achieve consistent feeding of the fibres into the extruder a pelletization technique was used where the fibres were pressed into pellets. Two commercial grades of cellulose fibres were used in the study, bleached sulfite and bleached kraft fibres. Fibre dimension measurements showed that the pelletization process and extrusion at high fibre loading caused the most severe fibre breakage. Flexural testing showed that increased fibre loading made the composites stiffer but reduced the toughness. Addition of maleic anhydride grafted coupling agent (MAPP) increased the stiffness and strength of the composites significantly. In general, there was no significant difference in the mechanical properties between the composites with kraft and sulfite fibres. An interesting finding was that the flexural modulus and strength of the MAPP modified cellulose fibre–polypropylene composites were not higher than what has previously been reported for wood flour–polyolefin composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed that addition of coupling agent improved the interfacial adhesion between the fibres and polypropylene matrix. |
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