The evolution of intellectual technologies: Applying product life-cycle models to MIS implementation

This article develops the theoretical construct of an “intellectual technology” (as distinct from traditional industrial technologies) as a way to explain the difficulties organizations have in implementing new computer-based applications. Building on the notions of a product and process life-cycle, this concept is used to suggest that non-traditional approaches to the implementation of computer-based applications may be necessary. The “intellectual technology” concept implies that organizations must learn to apply new applications in their particular environment, and that this learning explains the difficulty many firms have in implementing Office Automation, CAD/CAM, Decision Support Systems, and the like.