The inventive activities and collaboration pattern of university–industry–government in China based on patent analysis |
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Authors: | Xiao-Ping Lei Zhi-Yun Zhao Xu Zhang Dar-Zen Chen Mu-Hsuan Huang Yun-Hua Zhao |
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Affiliation: | (1) Research Center for Strategic Science and Technology Issues, Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing, China;(2) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Industrial Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC;(3) Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; |
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Abstract: | China’s economy and technology have experienced spectacular growth since the Opening-up Policy adopted in 1978. In order to
explore the innovation process and development of China, this study examines the inventive activities and the collaboration
pattern of university, industry and government (UIG) in China. This study analyzes the Chinese patent data retrieved from
the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Three models of UIG relations which represent different triple helix configurations
are introduced. According to the property of patent assignee, patent ownership can be divided into three types: individuals,
enterprises, and universities and research institutes. Furthermore, enterprises can be classified into state-owned enterprise
(SOE), private-owned enterprise (POE) and foreign enterprise (FE). The corresponding relationship of patent ownership with
UIG is set up. Through analyzing the issued year, it is found that the inventive activities of China have experienced three
developmental phases and have been promoted quickly in recent years. The achievement of innovation activities in China primarily
falls on the enterprise, especially FEs and POEs. The innovation strengths of the three development phases have shifted from
government to university and research institute and then industry. According to co-patent analysis, it is found that the collaboration
between university and industry is the strongest and has been intensified in recent years, but other forms of collaboration
among UIG have been weak. In addition, an innovation relation model of China was set up. The evolution process of innovation
systems was explored, from etatistic model, followed by improved “laissez-faire” model, and then shifting toward triple helix
model. |
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