藏语述说动词小句宾语及其标记3

本文讨论藏语述说动词管控的句子性小句宾语。藏语述说动词包括“说”类动词、认知动词、思考动词、询问动词及其他语义相关的动词。从小句自身结构看,可以是完整的句子,带主语、谓语以及句末动词体貌标记和语气词,也可能只是单一的谓语动词。小句宾语自身具有谓词性,通常通过添加名词化标记使之名词化。小句宾语的标记来自古代述说类动词的类典型zer 的语法化,而在现代藏语中作为小句标记语音和书写形式上都有多个变体。小句宾语内部也有复杂的关系和层次,类似于英语的直接引语与间接引语。小句缺省主语的情况下,动作发出者可通过表示体貌、情态的语法词以及上下文来确定。小句的句类包括陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹,可带不同的句类语气词。最后应该指出,有一部分述说动词小句宾语经常不带名词化标记,这种现象会给句法处理算法带来一定的麻烦,相关原因和解决办法还须进一步研究。

Approaches to Clause Objects of Narrate Verbs and Their Markers in Tibetan

This paper discribes clause-object s of Tibetan cont rolled by narrate verbs. The types of verbs include nar- rating verbs , cognitive verbs , thought verbs , inquiring verbs and other related semantics of the verbs. From it s own sentence st ructure , it could be a complete sentence with subject , predicate , the end of the sentence and modal verb physical markings , perhap s just a single-verb. The clause-object s has it s own predicate and ought to be nomi- nalized by adding nominalized markers. The special marker " zer" and it s variant s in pronounciation and written forms come f rom nominalization of verb "zer" . There are a complex relationship and layers similar to English Direct and Indirect Speech in the clause-object s. The agent of the clause will be identified through functional words of as- pect s , models and context s under the default of subject s of clause-object s. The types of the clauses may be declara- tive , interrogative , imperatives and exclamatives , therefore , they take different types of mood words. What is wor- thy to be pointed out is the absence of some nominalized markers in clause-object s , which will make some t roubles for syntactic algorithm , and need remain to be discussed.