The benefit of being physically present: A survey of experimental works comparing copresent robots,telepresent robots and virtual agents |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, New Zealand;2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand;1. RoboticsLab, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain;2. Department of Computer Science, Yale University, USA;3. Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA;1. Computer Science & Engineering, University of South Carolina, 315 Main, St. Columbia, SC 29208, United States;2. Georgia Institute of Technology, United States;1. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany;2. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany;3. Department of Informatics, University of Würzburg, Germany;4. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The effects of physical embodiment and physical presence were explored through a survey of 33 experimental works comparing how people interacted with physical robots and virtual agents. A qualitative assessment of the direction of quantitative effects demonstrated that robots were more persuasive and perceived more positively when physically present in a user?s environment than when digitally-displayed on a screen either as a video feed of the same robot or as a virtual character analog; robots also led to better user performance when they were collocated as opposed to shown via video on a screen. However, participants did not respond differently to physical robots and virtual agents when both were displayed digitally on a screen – suggesting that physical presence, rather than physical embodiment, characterizes people?s responses to social robots. Implications for understanding psychological response to physical and virtual agents and for methodological design are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Embodiment Presence Social robot Virtual agent Human–robot interaction Physical Virtual |
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