我国生物质能源现代化应用前景展望(二)——生物质制备液体燃料的转化途径

利用可再生生物质资源转化制备液体燃料已成为全球关注的热点。常见的生物质能源原料主要有草本植物、木本植物、微藻和脂肪类生物质资源,丰富的生物质资源为生物质液体燃料的生产提供了广泛的原料来源,也为生物质能源的多样性发展提供了坚实的物质基础。不同的生物质原料种类和转化方式可生产出性能各异的多种液体燃料,主要包括醇类燃料(乙醇、丁醇等)、烃类燃料和生物柴油等,由此构建出生物质转化制备液体燃料的转化途径网络。醇类燃料的生物质转化途径主要包括生物质直接发酵、生物质合成气发酵、生物质合成气化学合成等;烃类燃料的生物质转化途径主要有生物质液化加氢、微藻热化学途径、生物质合成气费托合成、生物质发酵脂肪酸加氢及油脂类加氢途径等;生物柴油的转化途径主要有油脂酯交换和微藻萃取酯交换。在这些液体燃料的转化途径中,只有生物质发酵制乙醇途径和油脂酯交换途径基本实现了商业化应用,其他大部分转化途径仍处于开发阶段。

The Prospects for Modern Application of Biomass Energy in China （Ⅱ）——Routes for converting biomass to liquid fuel

Producing liquid fuel with renewable biomass resources has become a global focal point of attention.Common biomass raw materials include herbaceous plants,woody plants,microalgae and fat.Widely available biomass resources have provided abundant raw material sources for the production of liquid biomass fuels and have also laid a solid foundation for the diversification of biomass energy.Different types of biomass raw materials and different ways of conversion can produce many types of liquid fuels with various proper- ties,including alcohol fuels （ethanol and butanol） , hydrocarbon fuels and biodiesel fuels.These methods together form a network of routes for turning biomass into liquid fuels.The main routes for converting biomass to alco- hol fuels include direct fermentation of biomass ,fermentation of synthetic biomass gas and chemical synthesis of synthetic biomass gas.The main routes for converting biomass to hydrocarbon fuels include liquefied hydro- genation of biomass,microalgae thermochemistry,Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of synthetic biomass gas,fermenta- tive fatty acid hydrogenation and grease hydrogenation.The main biodiesel conversion routes include oil trans- esterification and microalgae extraction transesterification.Of all these liquid fuel production methods,only the biomass-to-ethanol by fermentation method and the oil transesterification method have been commercialized with most other methods still under development.