风景园林（LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE）从造园术、造园艺术、风景造园——到风景园林、地球表层规划

在现代,由于高度工业化,现代化和人口迅猛增长,世界各国,都面临一个十分严峻的问题：那就是城市爆炸,自然环境和自然与人工环境生态系统的破坏。为了全人类的长远健康、幸福和欢乐,人类必须与他赖以生存的环境和谐相处,和明智地利用自然资源。人类社会的未来,由于人口迅猛增长和对自然资源需求不断增长的严重威胁,在此严峻局面下,仍然要保持生存环境不受破坏,自然资源不致浪费。那就需要有一种与自然系统,自然演变进程和人类社会发展密切联系的特殊的新知识,新技术和新经验。这种新的专业,我们现在已经在实际工作中找到了,它就是LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE（L.A.）。这个专业在18世纪以前,是从欧洲13世纪的造园术发展而来的。到了19世纪,这种新的专业（L.A）的名称,是由美国Landscape Architects之父,F.L.Olmsted（奥尔姆斯特德）在1858年提出来的,专业的核心应是＂城市环境的绿色生物系统工程＂和＂园林艺术＂。当今,（21世纪）这个专业的领域,已经扩大到地球表层规划的范畴。中国（包括政府、学会、行业、大学的专业设置）,早在20世纪80年代,已经把Landscape Architecture这一专业名称译成：＂风景园林＂或＂风景园林规划设计＂。

Landscape Architecture From Garden Craft,Garden Art,Landscape Gardening - to Landscape Architecture,Earthscape Planning

In modern times, due to high industrialization, modernization, and massive population growth, much of the world are faced with critical problems as rapid urban expansion and the destruction of the natural environment. The ecosystems of natural and built environments are imperiled. As the continued health, welfare and enjoyment of the populations of all nations depend upon their living in harmony with their environment, and their wise use of its resources, and as the future success in meeting those increasing social demands without deterioration of the environment and waste of its resources, will require special knowledge, skill, and experience relating to natural systems, physical processes and human relationship normally found in the practice of the profession of Landscape Architecture. And the profession of Landscape Architecture was originated from the profession Garden Craft in the middle 13th century in Italy. As to the new term ＂Landscape Architecture＂ was first given by the Father of American Landscape Architects EL. Olmsted in 1858. At that time, the field of this profession was focused on the ＂Urban Green Biological Engineering System＂ and ＂Garden Art＂. Up to data, the profession of Landscape Architecture has been expanded to the field of Earthscape Planning. China （the government, the Chinese Society of Landscape Architects, the profession of L.A., and the Departments of L.A. in the universities）, as early as in the eighties of the last century, the profession of Landscape Architecture has been translated as ＂风景园林＂ or ＂风景园林规划设计＂.