Remediation measures and displacement of pollutants in soils affected by the spill of a pyrite mine

The soils affected by the spill of a pyrite mine were analysed in 100 sampling points at three depths (0-10, 10-30, and 30-50 cm) in 1998 (after the tailings were removed), 1999 (after the cleaning of the highly contaminated areas), and 2004 (after the tilling of the upper 20-25 cm). The comparative study reveals that the removal of the tailings left a heterogeneous distribution pattern of the contaminants, with highly polluted spots alternating with less contaminated areas. The cleanup did not substantially lower the concentration in the highly polluted soils, and the spread of the pollutants increased the concentration in As and Pb in the uppermost 10 cm of 60% of the soils, while the Zn and Cd concentrations increased in only 30% of the soils. Given the high concentration of pollutants in the topsoil (especially As), the tilling of the upper 20-25 cm, despite reducing the average concentration of pollutants in the uppermost 10 cm, did not substantially lower the percentage of soils that exceeded the concentration of 40 mg As kg^− 1 dry soil and almost doubled the percentage of soils that surpassed this concentration between 10 and 30 cm. Meanwhile, the displacement of Zn and Cd within the soil supported the reduction in the percentage of soils that in the upper 10 cm exceeded the reference concentrations of these elements (900 mg Zn kg^− 1 dry soil and 2 mg Cd kg^− 1 dry soil), and the percentage of soils exceeding these concentrations between 10 and 50 cm in depth did not increase. Six years after the spill and at the end of all remediation measures, the intervention levels defined by the Environmental Agency of the Regional Government of Andalusia for natural parks were exceeded in the uppermost 10 cm in 35% of the soils.