Endogenous Stimuli-Activatable Nanomedicine for Immune Theranostics for Cancer |
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Authors: | Weiqi Wang Yilan Jin Xiao Liu Fangmin Chen Xiaohua Zheng Tianqing Liu Yumin Yang Haijun Yu |
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Affiliation: | 1. School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China;2. School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China;3. State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China;4. NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, 2145 Australia;5. Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China |
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Abstract: | Cancer immunotherapy has witnessed significant advances in the past decade, however challenges associated with immune-related adverse effects and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, have hindered their clinical application. Stimuli-activatable nanomedicines hold great potential for improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy and minimizing the side effects via tumor-specific accumulation, controllable drug release profile, and combinational therapy by integrating multiple therapeutic regimens. In this review, the recent advances of stimuli-activatable nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are first described, with particular focus on endogenous stimuli including pH, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, and excessive enzymes within the tumor microenvironment. Then, the endogenous stimuli-activatable nanomedicines that target tumor cells, immune cells, or periphery immune systems for eliciting sustained systemic immune activation and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, are described. Next, the general mechanisms underlying nanomedicine-based immunotherapy by eliciting anti-tumor immune responses and overcoming immunologic tolerance are described. Further, the emerging application of bioimaging techniques for monitoring immune response and evaluating therapy performance is described. Finally, the authors’ perspectives are provided for the clinical translation of nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy. |
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Keywords: | cancer immunotherapy immune diagnosis nanomedicine stimuli-responsive tumor microenvironment |
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