Biochemical effects of gadolinium chloride in rats liver and kidney studied by ^1H NMR metabolomics

The biochemical effects of gadolinium chloride were studied using high-resolution IH nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spec-troscopy to investigate the biochemical composition of tissue (liver and kidney) aqueous extracts obtained from control and gadolinium chlo-ride (GdCl3) (10 and 50 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal injection, i.p.) treated rats. Tissue samples were collected at 48, 96 and 168 h p.d. after exposure to GdCl3, and extracted using methanol/chloroform solvent system. 1H NMR spectra of tissue extracts were analyzed by pat-tern recognition using principal components analysis. The liver damages caused by GdCl3 were characterized by increased succinate and de-creased glycogen level and elevated lactate, alanine and betaine concentration in liver. Furthermore, the increase of creatine and lactate, and decrease of glutamate, alanine, phosphocholine, glycophosphocholine (GPC), betaine, myo-inositoi and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)levels in kidney illustrated kidney disturbance induced by GdCl3.