Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Gd~(3+) doped TiO_2 and Gd_2O_3 modified TiO_2 prepared via ball milling method |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China;2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210043, China;1. Department of Chemistry, V.H.N.S.N College, Virudhunagar, 626 001, Tamilnadu, India;2. Department of Chemistry, Sri Kaliswari College, Sivakasi, 626 130, Tamilnadu, India;3. Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, 625 009, Tamilnadu, India;1. Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;2. Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., BU-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;3. Universidade de Franca, Av. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil;1. School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center 100#, Guangzhou 510006, PR China;2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, PR China;1. Department of Physics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;2. School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 10731, China;3. Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS UMR 7515, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France;4. Institute of Advanced Materials, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 6800, Pakistan;5. Department of Physics, University of Gujrat, Pakistan;1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan;2. Department of Water Quality Protection, Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, Taipei 10042, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 and Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 nanoparticles were prepared by ball milling method.The effects of Gd~(3+)ion and Gd_2O_3 on the structure and optical property of TiO_2 were studied by XRD and UV-vis DRS.Specific surface area was determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)method.The morphology and elemental composition were characterized by SEM-EDS.XPS was used to determine the surface compositions and chemical character of elements.The sample sizes and microstructures were observed by TEM.The photocatalytic activities of TiO_2 nanoparticles modified with rare earth metal gadolinium(Gd~(3+)ion or Gd_2O_3)were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue(MB)under UV light.Experimental results indicate that 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 shows the best photocatalytic activity compared with Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2.The existence of gadolinium can exhibit the aggregation and induce lattice distortion of TiO_2 obtained from XRD,SEM and TEM results.The band gap energy of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 decreases to3.07 eV and it leads to visible light absorption response which can be seen from UV-vis absorption spectra.The surface area of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 equals to 85.8 m~2/g and average crystal size is 21.1 nm.EDS and XPS analyses reveal that gadolinium can be introduced either into TiO_2 lattice or adsorbed on the surface of TiO_2.The content of surface OH groups in 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 is 50,88%(1.55 times higher than that of pure TiO_2)and the content of lattice oxygen decreases to 11.26%.The MB(25 mg/L)degradation reaction rate constants of 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2 were0.0713,0.0588 and 0.0263 min~(-1),respectively.The degradation rates of rhodamine B(30 mg/L)in 60 min are 97,9%,90.1%and 84.6%for 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2,respectively. |
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| Keywords: | Ball milling method Rare earth Gadolinium Methylene blue |
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