Rip currents near coastal structures in Lake Michigan: Characterization and assessment for warnings |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;1. Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Interdisciplinary Research Group on Environmental Biogeochemistry (IRGEB), Bento Gonçalves Ave. 7712, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil;2. BASF SA, Environmental Fate - Regulatory Science Crop Protection, Avenida Brasil, 791, Guaratinguetá, Brazil;3. Researcher PCI CNPq, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil;4. Laboratoire des Sciences et de l''Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, 91 191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France;5. Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Ave. 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil;6. Alberta Environment and Parks3535 Research Rd NWCalgary, Alberta, T2L 2K8, Canada;7. Laboratory of Land Use and Natural Resources, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, BR 285, km 292, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil;8. University of Minnesota Duluth Campus, Department of Civil Engineering, 221 SCiv 1405 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, United States;9. Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom;1. Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, CENPAT-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina;2. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, UNPSJB, Puerto Madryn, Argentina;3. Laboratorio de Mamíferos Marinos, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, CENPAT-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina;4. Instituto Antártico Argentino, IAA, Buenos Aires, San Martín, Argentina;5. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, CADIC-CONICET, Ushuaia, Argentina;6. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur, UNTdF, Ushuaia, Argentina;1. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;2. Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China;3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China;1. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Qom, Qom 3716146611, Iran;2. School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 1684613114, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Rip currents near coastal structures commonly occur in Lake Michigan in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Lack of timely warning due to undocumented characteristics of rip currents and no assessment tool can contribute to tragic drownings incidents. In this paper, we characterized rip current occurrences near breakwater structures and developed an assessment tool for providing timely rip current warnings to beachgoers at the study site, City of Port Washington, WI. Characteristics of rip currents near the structure were observed from field measurements or visual images. Deflection rip currents had speeds of ～ 0.2 m/s and lasted for several hours. The rip current occurrences were associated with environmental proxies. It was found that rip currents can occur even when the water appears calm near the structure. A Structure Rip Checklist and Assessment Matrix (SRiCAM) with a four-tiered risk was developed and validated using observations. Furthermore, the SRiCAM was integrated into cyberinfrastructure with a data contingency plan to provide real-time warnings to the public. The applicability of the SRiCAM to other locations across Lake Michigan was further tested and results are promising. Overall, the SRiCAM has the potential to be widely extended to foster recreational water safety and resilience to rip current hazards in the Great Lakes. |
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| Keywords: | Rip currents Coastal structure Meteotsunamis Seiches Lake Michigan |
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