水库生态调度现状与展望

生态调度是在兼顾水库调度的社会、经济效益的基础上重点考虑生态因素的水库调度新模式。简要介绍了生态流量、生态调度等概念,同时对世界各地生态调度实践的过去(2000年以前)和现在(2000～2019年)的研究情况进行了综述,并对未来的研究进行了展望。生态调度研究最早于20世纪40年代从研究河流最小生态流量开始,期间提出水文学方法、水力学方法、生境模拟法等200多种生态流量计算方法。现阶段有关生态调度的探索强调将生态因子纳入传统的水库调度过程,由早期的单目标生态调度发展成多目标生态调度,包括生态水量调度、水质调度、泥沙调度和水生生物资源调度。联合调度、梯级调度、分层取水调度等方式被应用于水库调度实践中并取得了显著的成效。此外,大量研究显示,通过工程措施、生物措施和管理措施可以很好地解决生态调度过程中的一些难题。然而,对生态调度机制的研究仍旧匮乏,大量基于经验统计的生态调度工作难以从本质上解决经济发展与生态效益之间的矛盾。因此,从机理层面构建生态调度模型是目前亟待解决的问题,也将成为生态调度领域的新热点。此外,如何对生态调度的效果特别是其对水生态系统健康的效果进行量化,也是当今亟待解决的现实问题。

Current status and future perspectives of reservoirs ecological operation

Ecological operation is a new mode of reservoir operations, in which ecological factors are considered besides social and economic benefits. This article briefly introduced concepts of ecological flow and ecological operations. Then cases of ecological operations around the world before 2000 and during 2000~2019 were reviewed, and the future research was prospected. Ecological operation studies began with the concept of ecological flow in 1940s, then more than 200 methods including hydrologic method and hydraulics method were proposed to calculate the ecological flow. Current studies try to consider ecological factors into the reservoir operation, and previous ecological operations considering single-objective were replaced by multi-objective ones, including water quantity, water quality, sediments and aquatic resources regulations. Combined dispatching, cascade dispatching and layer-stratified water intaking dispatching were widely used in practice and achieved remarkable progress. Knowledge about mechanisms of ecological operations is still limited, though many studies have revealed that measures of engineering, biological or management could solve several problems. It is difficult to coordinate the contradiction between economic development and ecological by the empirical work alone. Therefore, it is necessary to develop mechanism-based ecological operation models in the future. In addition, it is urgent to quantify the effects of reservoir operations on aquatic ecosystems health.