我国水资源形势分析及对策

我国水资源先天不足,特别是华北、西北地区,人均占有量只有世界人均值的8%,不到全国人均值的30%,只有狠抓节水与开源,才能保证我国社会经济的可持续发展。节水在工业上重点抓防污与治污,在农业上重点抓灌水技术与渠系防渗,在生活上重点抓用水器具改造与创新,尽快把全国平均万元GDP用水从610m3降到150m3。开源有两种类型:一是开辟新水源,主要指海水代用、海水淡化、海冰利用;一是调节地区内或地区间的水资源,从时空上增加可供水量。文章重点分析了南水北调工程。从长远看,中线应延伸至三峡水库;由于中线水源得到强化,东线可考虑不再过黄河;西线应进一步优化线路,扩大后备水源,要把调水与“西电东送”及长江、黄河的综合开发与治理结合起来,统一规划。通过调水逐步形成全国水网,合理配置长江、黄河的水资源与水能资源。

Current situation of water resources in China and countermeasures

Water resources are deficient in China,especially in north China and northwest China,the quantity of water resources per capita is only 8% of the world's average,and less than 30% of the average of China.Therefore,only strengthening of water saving and development of new water sources can ensure the sustainable development of national socio-economy in China.In industry,the key point of water saving should be placed on pollution prevention and pollution remediation;in agriculture,the emphasis should be placed on irrigation technique and seepage control of channel system;in domestic life,the emphasis should be placed on modification and innovation of water instruments,so that water consumption of average 10,000 Yuan GDP could be reduced from 610?m~3 to 150?m~3.There are two types of water source exploitation: the one is development of new water sources,including the utilization of seawater and sea ice and desalting of seawater,the other is regulation of regional and interregional water resources for increasing the capacity of water supply.With emphasis placed on the South-to-North Water Transfer Project,it is considered that,from a long-term perspective,the middle route of the project should extend to the Three-Gorges Reservoir,while it is unnecessary for the east route to cross the Yellow River,and that the west route should be further optimized so that the reserve water resources could be increased.Moreover water transfer should be combined with the West-to-East Electricity Transmission and comprehensive development and regulation of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River,and the project should be implemented under an integral planning.Through the water transfer project,a unified water network for the whole China will be constituted for rational allocation of water resources and hydropower resources of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.