黄河下游复航的生态建设方案探讨

泥沙淤积、河势游荡、涉水工程碍航等是制约黄河下游生态航道建设的关键问题。采用实测资料分析、数学模型计算、综合分析等方法，分析得出小浪底水库运用以来，黄河下游最小平滩流量已达到4 300 m3/s，最小通航流量相应水面宽度达到120~200 m，水深达到1.0~2.5 m；未来通过水沙调控体系的完善和联合运用，可在较长时间内维持下游4 000 m3/s左右的中水河槽，具备一定的复航条件。研究提出随着古贤、东庄等水库建成生效和黄河下游生态廊道建设，通过中水河槽和通航河槽的生态疏浚、游荡性河段整治及碍航建筑物生态改造，可打造长约800 km、航道标准达到整体Ⅳ级局部Ⅲ级的生态航道。建议按照“统筹部署、先易后难、先通后畅、逐步提高”的原则，加快推进黄河下游生态航道建设。

Discussion on ecological construction scheme for navigation recovery in the lower Yellow River

The key issues, such as sediment accumulation, wandering river regime and the obstruction of water-related projects, are of great significance of restricting the construction of ecological waterway in the lower Yellow River. After the analysis with measured data, calculation with mathematical model and comprehensive analysis, it is believed that the minimum back-full discharge in the lower Yellow River has already reached 4,300 m3/s, the water surface width corresponding to the minimum navigable volume has reached 120~200 m and water depth has reached 1.0~2.5 m since the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Along with the completion and combined application of water-sediment regulating system in the future, a middle-water-level river channel of about 4,000 m3/s will be maintained in a relatively long time, with a certain condition for navigations. It is proposed that with the operation of Guxian Reservoir and Dongzhuang Reservoir and the construction of ecological corridor in the lower Yellow River, an ecological waterway in compliance with Class Ⅳ waterway standard (Class Ⅲ at some sections) and with a length of about 800 km can be formed by virtue of ecological dredging works as a middle-water-level navigable river channel, through regulation of wandering river reaches and ecological reconstruction to remove navigation-hampering structures. It is suggested to promote and accelerate the construction of the ecological waterway in the lower Yellow River under the principles of “unified arrangement, step by step, dredging before navigation and gradual improvement”.