基于生态位理论的黄河流域用水结构分析

为分析和探究黄河流域用水结构的变化特征，科学支撑流域水资源合理配置与调度，保障流域可持续发展，以黄河流域为研究对象，基于生态位理论构建了用水结构生态位及其熵值模型，分析了流域及流域内主要省区用水结构演变趋势和特征，并与发达国家用水特征作比较。在此基础上提出了相关建议。结果表明:黄河流域的农业用水生态位(0.7～0.78)最大但呈现波动减少趋势，工业用水生态位(0.12～0.15)次之且变化趋势为波动且有所下降，生活用水生态位(0.06～0.08)与城镇公共及生态用水生态位(0.03～0.09)相对较少但皆有不同程度的增长趋势。各省区的生态位熵值差异较大，表明流域及各省区间用水结构差异较大。统计年间宁夏、内蒙古及山东的农业用水占有率高于全流域，陕西、山西、河南及甘肃的工业用水占有率高于全流域，各省区城镇公共及生态用水的占有率变化剧烈，陕西、山西及河南的生活用水占有率高于全流域。相较于黄河流域，美国的工业用水(0.42～0.52)在用水结构中的优势更加突出，农业用水(0.31～0.44)相对处于劣势地位;两个区域生活用水在用水结构中的地位相对其他的用水类型更为接近。

Ecological niche theory-based analysis on water consumption structure in Yellow Ｒiver Basin

In order to analyze and explore the changing characteristics of the water consumption structure of the Yellow Ｒiver Basin and scientifically support the reasonable allocation and regulation of water resources to guarantee the sustainable development of the river basin，the Yellow Ｒiver basin is taken as the study object herein，for which the ecological niche of the water consumption and its entropy model are established on the basis of the ecological niche theory，and then the evolution trends and characteristics of the water consumption structures of the river basin and the main provinces and regions within the river basin are analyzed，which are compared with the water consumption structures of those developed countries． On the basis of this，the relevant suggestions are put forward． The results show that the ecological niche of the agricultural water consumption ( 0. 7 ～ 0. 78) is the largest，but which exhibits a fluctuated decreasing trend，while the ecological niche of the industrial water consumption ( 0. 12 ～ 0. 15) is the secondary and its changing trend is fluctuated with a decrease to some extent． Meanwhile，both the ecological niche of the domestic water consumption ( 0. 06 ～ 0. 08) and the ecological niche of urban public and ecological water consumption ( 0. 03 ～ 0. 09) are relatively less and exhibit the increasing trends with different degrees． The difference among the entropy values of the ecological niches of all the provinces and regions are relatively larger，which indicates that larger differences are there among the water consumption structures of the river basin and all the provinces therein． During the statistical years，the occupation ratios of agricultural water consumption of Ningxia，Inner Mongolia and Shandong are higher than that of the whole river basin，the occupation ratios of industrial water consumption of Shaanxi，Shanxi，Henan and Gansu are higher than that of the whole river basin，the occupation ratios of the urban public and ecological water consumption of all the provinces and regions are violently changed and the occupation ratios of domestic water consumption of Shaanxi，Shanxi and Henan are higher than that of the whole river basin． Compared with the Yellow Ｒiver Basin，the industrial water consumption of the United States ( 0. 42 ～ 0. 52) has a more prominent advantage in the water structure，while the agricultural water consumption ( 0. 31 ～ 0. 44) therein is in a relatively inferior position，but the positions of the domestic water consumptions in the water consumption structure of both of them are more closer if compared with the other water consumption types．