高土石坝试验技术与安全评价理论及应用

我国是世界上高土石坝数量最多的国家,复杂建坝条件和恶劣服役环境下高土石坝建设和长期安全保障面临着严峻的技术挑战。简要介绍了近年来有关坝体粗颗粒料试验技术、坝基覆盖层原位测试技术、高土石坝离心机振动台模型试验技术、高土石坝溃坝离心模型试验技术、高土石坝安全评价以及灾害预测理论等领域的研究成果及推广应用情况。研发了高土石坝粗粒料力学性质试验设备,在深入揭示复杂荷载和变化环境下粗粒料力学性质演化规律及其对高土石坝变形影响机制的基础上,构建了粗粒料本构理论体系;研发了深厚覆盖层力学性质测试技术与分析方法,破解了多年来无法准确测定具有显著结构性深厚砂砾石覆盖层力学性质的技术难题;创建了高土石坝地震破坏灾变与溃坝试验技术与分析方法,用物理模型试验定量预测高土石坝地震残余变形及其发展规律;提出了高土石坝地震安全评价标准和极限抗震能力计算方法。研究成果已成功应用于紫坪铺、水布垭、吉林台、长河坝、糯扎渡、如美、大石峡、阿尔塔什以及马来西亚巴贡水电站等一批高土石坝工程,部分成果纳入相关设计规范与国家和行业标准。

Experimental techniques and safety assessment theories for high earth rockfill dam and relevant applications

As China is the country with the largest amount of high earth rockfill dams in the world， and then the construction of high earth rockfill dam and its long term safety guarantee under complicated construction condition and poor operation environment are faced with severe technical challenges. The study results and their applications within the fields related to the technique for the experiment of coarse granular materials， the in situ testing technique for the overburden of dam foundation， the technique for the model experiment with centrifuge shaking table for high earth rockfill dam， the centrifugal model test technique for failure of high earth rockfill dam， the safety assessment and disaster prediction theories for high earth rockfill dam， etc. in recent years are briefly introduced herein.A test equipment for mechanical properties of coarse grained materials in high earth rock dams has been developed. Based on revealing the evolution law of mechanical properties of coarse aggregate and the influence mechanism on the deformation of high earth rockfill dam under complex load and changing environment, a constitutive theory system for coarse aggregate has been constructed. The testing technology and analysis method of mechanical properties of deep overburden layer were developed, which solved the technical problems that the mechanical properties of the deep structural sand gravel overburden could not be accurately measured for many years. A technology and analysis method for earthquake damage catastrophe and dam break test of high earth rockfill dam is established, in which Physical model test is used to predict the seismic residual deformation and development rule of high earth rockfill dam quantitatively. The seismic safety evaluation standard of high earth rock dam and the calculation method of ultimate aseismic capacity are put forward. The research results have been successfully applied in a number of high earth rockfill dam, such as Zipingpu, Shuibuya, Jilintai, Changheba, Nuozhadu, Rumei, Dashixia, Altash and Bakun Hydropower Station in Malaysia, part of which have been incorporated in the relevant design specifications and national and trade standards.