北京市产业部门用水效率研究

以严重用水紧缺的特大型城市北京为例,基于直接计算法和投入产出分析,建立了价值型—实物型混合性水资源投入产出模型和行业用水效率贡献模型,测算了2010—2015年期间各行业用水效率及效率变动和产业结构变动对总用水效率提高的贡献情况。研究结果表明:(1)第一、二产业的直接用水效率有较大的提高,第三产业的直接用水效率下降,细分的40个行业中有15个行业的用水效率在下降(占37.5%);(2)三次产业的完全用水效率都有所提高,40个行业中17个行业的完全用水效率在下降;(3)三次产业结构变动贡献大于用水效率提高的贡献,23个工业行业的用水效率提高的贡献大于结构变动贡献;(4)第三产业中住宿和餐饮业、房地产业、教育、卫生和社会工作4个行业用水效率是第三产业中细分的13个行业中最低的,2010年和2015年的用水量占第三产业用水总量的比重分别是58.48%和59.22%,万元增加值之和占第三产业万元增加值的比重是19.9%和18.84%。分析得出政策建议:(1)在明确城市功能定位、不断优化产业结构的基础上,继续提高农业用水效率,降低农业用水总量;(2)提高工业用水重复利用率,降低工业用水总量;(3)加大服务业用水监管和增强节水意识,降低服务业用水总量增长速度,提升重点控水行业的用水效率。本研究进一步揭示了节水潜力行业,为实施最严格水资源管理、提高水资源利用效率提供决策依据。

Study on water-use efficiencies of industrial sectors in Beijing

By taking Beijing—a megacity with serious water shortage as the study case， the mixed value-entity model of input-output of water resources and the model of contributions from water-use efficiencies of industrial sectors are established on the ba-sis of the direct calculation method and input-output analysis， and then the contributions from the water-use efficiencies of all the industrial sectors and the changes of the efficiency as well as the structural changes of the industrial sectors on the increase of thetotal water-use efficiency from 2010 to 2015 are estimated. The study result shows that ( 1) The direct water-use efficiencies ofthe primary and secondary industries are largely increased along with the decrease of the direct water-use efficiency of the tertiaryindustry. Among 40 subdivided industrial sectors， the water-use efficiencies of 15 industrial sectors are decreased ( account for37. 5% ) . ( 2) The total water-use efficiency of the thrice industries is increased somewhat， while the total water-use efficiency of17 ones among the 40 industrial sectors is decreased. ( 3) The contribution rates from the structural changes of the thrice indus-trial sectors are larger than the increases of the contributions from their water-used efficiencies， in which the contribution ratesfrom the structural changes of 23 industrial sectors are larger than those from the water-use efficiencies. ( 4) The water-use effi-ciencies of the sectors， i. e. accommodation and catering service， real estate， education， public health and social work， are thelowest among 13 subdivided sectors within the tertiary industry， for which the proportions of the water consumption of 2010 and2015 are 58. 48% and 59. 22% of the total water consumption of the tertiary industry along with the proportions of the sums of theadded value of ten thousands yuan of 19. 9% and 18. 84% of the total of the tertiary industry respectively. The policy suggestionis obtained from the analysis that ( 1) On the basis of defining urban function positioning and continuously optimizing industrialstructures， the agricultural water-use efficiency must be continuously enhanced along with decreasing the total water consumptionof agriculture. ( 2) The re-utilization rate of industrial water-use must be enhanced along with decreasing the total consumption ofthe industrial water-use. ( 3) The increasing speed of the total water-use of the service industrial sector must be decrease alongwith enhancing the water-use efficiencies of those key water-use controlled industrial sectors through enlarging the supervision andmanagement of the water-use and enhancing the water-saving awareness of the service industrial sector. The study further revealsthose industrial sectors with water-saving potential， thus provides a decision-making basis for implementing the most stringent wa-ter resource management and enhancing the water-use efficiency.