汶川地震中学校建筑震害研究

512四川汶川8.0级特大地震导致大量教学楼严重破坏或完全坍塌，造成大量学生和教师伤亡，引起全社会普遍关注。基于在地震受灾地区深入广泛的调研，本文介绍了传统砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构教学楼的震害特征，并结合教学楼的建筑结构特点进行了震害原因分析。相比于其他建筑，教学楼竖向结构体系相对单薄，教学楼倒塌的关键原因是竖向结构体系强度和刚度不足，因此，高烈度地区的框架结构教学楼的设计应重视剪力墙的设置，砌体结构的窗间墙宜采用组合砌体或配筋砌体。传统的砖木结构和砖混结构缺乏必要的整体连接措施也是导致教学楼严重受损或坍塌的主要原因。建筑体型不对称加剧了地震中建筑的倾倒，寻求合理的建筑平面布局方案是提高教学楼抗震能力的重要途径。按现行规范设计、整体性好、施工质量过硬的砖混结构教学楼在此次地震中表现良好。

Lessons Learnt from Performance of School Buildings in Wenchuan Earthquake Region

Many school buildings suffered severe damage or even collapsed totally during M8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12. Destroyed or collapsed school buildings killed lots of students and teachers. Following the earthquake, a reconnaissance team was dispatched to epicenter region to learn firsthand about the performance of the civil infrastructure, especially about the school building. The performance of masonry structure, masonry structure with timber roof and RC frame structure were presented. Many structural or non-structural deficiencies were highlighted by the earthquake, which including: poor integrity, weak connection between components, lack of strength and rigidness of vertical bearing system, asymmetry leading to collapse laterally, poor construction quality. Reinforced masonry structure school building with precast flats had excellent performance.