Response of sediment yield to vegetation restoration at a large spatial scale in the Loess Plateau

The impact of vegetation coverage on erosion and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau has been extensively studied, but the research has been primarily based on observations from slope runoff plots or secondary forest regions; the scaling method remains unresolved when it is applied at a large spatial scale, and it is difficult to apply to regions with severe soil and water loss given the predominance of herbs and shrubs. To date, there is little data on the quantitative impact of changes to vegetation on sediment concentration at a large spatial scale. This paper is based on vegetation information from remote sensing images, measured rainfall and sediment data over nearly 60 years, and results from previous runoff and sediment variation research on the Yellow River. We introduce the concepts of a sediment yield coefficient and the percentage of effective vegetation and erodible area, analyze the impact of different vegetation conditions on the flood sediment concentration and sediment yield, and evaluate the effect of rainfall intensity on sediment yield under different vegetation conditions at the watershed scale. We propose models to evaluate the impact of vegetation on sediment yield in the loess gully hilly region, which are based on remote sensing data and support an application at a large spatial scale. The models can be used to assess sediment reduction that results from the current significant improvement of vegetation in the Loess Plateau.