中国燃煤电厂超低排放和节能改造的实践与启示

与推行超低排放前的2013年相比，2019年中国火电装机容量、发电量分别增长36.7%和19.5%，但烟尘、SO₂、NO_x排放量却分别下降87.3%、88.6%、88.8%。同期，全国火力发电行业厂用电率维持在6.01%，供电煤耗从321 g/(kW·h)下降到306.4 g/(kW·h)，相当于2019年减排CO₂约27015万t，是国内目前最大的15万t/年碳捕集工程的1 801倍。为总结中国燃煤电厂超低排放和节能改造取得的重大成就，指导其他行业的污染治理及碳达峰与碳中和目标的高效经济的实现，系统研究最严排放标准、企业需求、国家重视、技术创新、经济激励政策等对燃煤电厂超低排放和节能改造成功实践的重要作用。结果表明，燃煤电厂超低排放工程、碳捕集工程等烟气治理工程不仅投资高，而且运行费用可观。烟气治理工程的顶层设计与持续推进是关键，技术突破和规范应用是保障，环保电价与激励政策是重点。就超低排放而言，超低电价等经济激励政策不能因为超低排放全面完成而取消，而应进一步优化，激励超低排放工程的高效运行。其他工业行业在推行超低排放过程中，应借鉴电力行业的成功经验，制定可行技术路线、工程技术规范、运行管理技术规范等国家环保标准，同时出台相关的经济激励政策，以确保超低排放工程建设好、运行好，真正实现减排效果。节能改造工程完成后，其运行不仅具有一定的经济效益，而且减排CO₂的能力较大，在碳达峰与碳中和的约束条件下，燃煤电厂应优先实施节能改造工程。在碳捕集工程能耗、成本、风险不能大幅下降的前提下，碳捕集工程不宜盲目推广。

Practice and Enlightenment of Ultra-low Emission and Energy-Saving Retrofit of Coal-Fired Power Plants in China

Compared with the year 2013 when the ultra-low emission control had not been widely implemented,the installed capacity and actual power generation of thermal power sector in China increased by 36.7%and 19.5%respectively in 2019,but the emissions of smoke dust,SO₂ and NO_x decreased by 87.3%,88.6%and 88.8%respectively.In the same period,the power consumption rate of plants for the thermal power sector in China remained at 6.01%,and the net coal consumption decreased from 321 g/(kW·h)to 306.4 g/(kW·h),which is equivalent to the reduction of CO₂ emission of about 270.15 million tons in 2019.That is about 1,801 times of the designed capacity 150,000 tons/year of the largest carbon capture project in China.In order to summarize the significant achievements of ultra-low emission and energy-saving retrofit of coal-fired power plants in China,as well as to provide guidance for the pollution control of other industries and promote the efficient and economic carbon peak and carbon neutrality,this paper systematically studies the critical impacts in terms of the strictest emission standard,enterprise demand,national attention,technological innovation and economic incentive policy on the successful practice of ultra-low emission and energy-saving retrofit of coal-fired power plants.The study concludes that in addition to the high investment,substantial operating cost should be take into account in ultra-low emission project and carbon capture project.The top-level design and continuous promotion is the key part of flue gas control project,while the technical breakthrough and normalized application ensure the success with the emphasis on the environmental protection electricity pricing and the related incentive policy.As far as the ultra-low emissions are concerned,economic incentive policies such as ultra-low electricity price should not be canceled even after the completion of ultra-low emissions retrofit.On the contrary,it should be further optimized to boost the high-efficient operation of ultra-low emission projects.In the process of implementing ultra-low emissions,by borrowing the successful experience from the electric power industry,other industrial sectors should formulate national environmental protection standards such as feasible technical routes and technical engineering,operation and management specifications.At the same time,relevant economic incentive policies shall also be issued to ensure the construction and operation of ultra-low emission projects to achieve real emission reduction effect.Upon the completion of energy-saving renovation projects,the operation of the projects have demonstrated not only certain economic benefits but also remarkable capabilities to reduce CO₂ emission.Constrained by carbon peak and carbon neutrality,coal-fired power plant should be prioritized first for energy saving retrofit project.Unless there are significant decrease of energy consumption,cost and risk,carbon capture project should not be popularized blindly.