基于RS和GIS的黄河三角洲主要人工地物时空特征分析

油井、风机和道路是黄河三角洲区域的主要人工地物，明确其时空特征对保障黄河三角洲的生态安全具有重要意义。利用Landsat、SPOT、高分二号等中、高分辨率卫星影像，提取并建立2000年和2015年黄河三角洲主要人工地物分布数据集，使用核密度法、平均最近邻法、加权分析法、克里金插值法和空间自相关分析法分析2000~2015年黄河三角洲人工地物的时空特征。结果表明：① 2015年风机空间分布具有不均衡性，呈现两大核心区为主、3个小集聚区为辅的空间分布格局，总体呈西北—东南走向，空间集聚特征明显；② 2000年和2015年油井空间分布具有不均衡性且存在时间变异特征，2000年油井呈现两大核心为主，团块成片分布为辅的空间分布格局，2015年油井呈现三大核心区为主、核心区周围油井呈鞍状分布的空间格局特征；③ 2000~2015年黄河三角洲路网密度不断提高，空间集聚特征明显，路网密度高值主要分布在黄河三角洲中部地区，并呈现向西部和南部扩散趋势。总的来说，黄河三角洲地区人工地物数量大、分布范围广、增长速度快，对自然保护区的生态安全造成了巨大威胁。通过识别和分析黄河三角洲人工地物及其时空特征，可为该地区湿地生态系统保护提供科学依据和决策参考。

Analyzing Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Main Artificial Features in the Yellow River Delta based on RS and GIS

Oil wells， wind turbines， and roads are the main artificial features in the Yellow River Delta （YRD）. It is of great significance to clarify their spatio-temporal characteristics to ensure the ecological security of the YRD. Based on medium and high-resolution satellite images， such as Landsat， SPOT， and GF2， the main artificial features in the YRD in 2000 and 2015 were extracted， and then their spatio-temporal characteristics were analyzed， using the methods of kernel density， average nearest neighbor， weighted analysis， Kriging interpolation， and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results showed that： （1） The spatial distribution of wind turbines was uneven in 2015， showing a distribution pattern dominated by two core regions and assisted by three small agglomeration regions. The overall trend was northwest to southeast with an obvious spatial agglomeration characteristic. （2） The spatial distributions of oil wells in 2000 and 2015 were both uneven and characterized by time variation. In 2000， oil wells showed a spatial distribution pattern with two cores as a main part， supplemented by a patchy distribution of clusters. However， in 2015， oil wells showed a spatial pattern characteristic of three major core areas dominated and a saddle-shaped distribution of wells around the core areas. （3） From 2000 to 2015， the road network density had been continuously increasing， with obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics. The high road network density was mainly distributed in the central region of the YRD， and presented a spreading trend to the west and south. Overall， the wide distribution， fast growth， and the large number of artificial features in the YRD have posed a great threat to the ecological security of nature reserves. This study provides a scientific basis and decision-making reference for wetland ecosystem protection in this region by identifying and analyzing the spatio-temporal characteristics of artificial features in the YRD.