企业级区块链技术综述

在传统跨机构交易的企业应用中，各个机构都是独立记录己方的交易数据，机构间数据的差异会引起争议，通常需要人工对账或中介机构来解决，因而增加了结算时间和交易费用.区块链技术实现了交易数据在写入前共识验证、写入后不可篡改的分布式记账，可信地保证了多机构间的数据一致性，避免了人工对账和中介机构.区块链是一种去中心化、不可篡改、可追溯、可信的、多方共享的分布式数据库，企业级区块链是节点加入需经许可的适用于企业级应用的区块链技术.结合Hyperledger Fabric，Corda和Quorum等企业级区块链平台，提出了企业级区块链的系统架构；从交易流程、区块链网络、共识机制、区块链数据、智能合约、隐私保护几方面阐述了企业级区块链的原理与技术；针对企业级区块链的现状，总结了当前的研究挑战与未来的发展趋势.

Survey of Enterprise Blockchains

In legacy enterprise applications of cross-institution transactions, all institutions maintain their own ledgers. The discrepancies between different ledgers result in disputes and increase the need for manual reconciliations with settlement times and intermediaries with associated overhead costs. However, a blockchain implementing a distributed ledger, where transactions must be validated by consensus and cannot be altered once written to the ledger, guarantees the consistency of multi-institutional data and removes manual reconciliations and intermediaries. Blockchain is a decentralized, tamper-proof, traceable, trustless distributed database managed by multiple participants. An enterprise blockchain satisfying enterprise application requests means that any node must be authorized and authenticated in order to join the network. This paper presents an architecture model of enterprise blockchains based on the three mainstream blockchain platforms:Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, and Quorum. Furthermore, the principles and technologies of enterprise blockchains according to transaction flow, P2P network, consensus mechanism, blockchain data, smart contract, and privacy are discussed. Finally, by analyzing the limitations of the existing technologies, some challenging research issues and technology trends of enterprise blockchains are summarized.