Real-time databases

Data in real-time databases has to be logically consistent as well as temporally consistent. The latter arises from the need to preserve the temporal validity of data items that reflect the state of the environment that is being controlled by the system. Some of the timing constraints on the transactions that process real-time data come from this need. These constraints, in turn, necessitate time-cognizant transaction processing so that transactions can be processed to meet their deadlines.This paper explores the issues in real-time database systems and presents an overview of the state of the art. After introducing the characteristics of data and transactions in real-time databases, we discuss issues that relate to the processing of time-constrained transactions. Specifically, we examine different approaches to resolving contention over data and processing resources. We also explore the problems of recovery, managing I/O, and handling overloads. Real-time databases have the potential to trade off the quality of the result of a query or a transaction for its timely processing. Quality can be measured in terms of the completeness, accuracy, currency, and consistency of the results. Several aspects of this trade-off are also considered.