Pillar[n]arene-Based Supramolecular Switches in Solution and on Surfaces

The design and synthesis of new synthetic macrocycles has driven the rapid development of supramolecular chemistry and materials. Pillarn]arenes, as a new type of macrocyclic compounds, are used as a promising type of building blocks for switchable supramolecular systems due to their versatile functionalization and the ability of binding toward various guest molecules. A number of guests can form inclusion complexes with pillarn]arenes and their derivatives in solution, which are sensitive to different external triggers. Interestingly, the pursuit of complex stimuli-responsive functional materials and devices has largely motivated the shift of pillarn]arene-based switches from solution media to surfaces for controllable macroscopic motions on solid platforms. Facilitated by the facile modification of pillarn]arenes on various solid supports and the dynamic binding of host–guest complexes, numerous functional hybrid materials with adjustable physical or chemical properties and integrated functionalities have been reported in the last decade. Here, the advance of supramolecular switches in solution and on surfaces based on pillarn]arenes and derivatives with an emphasis on the efforts and the latest contributions from the field is discussed.