基于电弧的多能场复合增材制造技术研究现状

增材制造主要分为激光增材制造技术、电子束增材制造技术和电弧增材制造技术。相较于其他增材制造技术和传统加工方式，电弧增材制造技术具有成形速度快、成本低、材料利用率高，以及成形件化学成分均匀且性能优良等优势，被广泛应用于大型金属零件制造。电弧增材制造因具有多样化的应用方向，可以满足不同标准零部件的加工制造，已经逐步成为当下主流的零部件加工技术。主要介绍了单一热源(如钨极)气体保护增材制造技术、等离子弧增材制造技术、熔化极气体保护增材制造技术、冷金属过渡增材制造技术和多能场辅助电弧复合增材制造技术，包括磁场–电弧、激光–电弧和电场–电弧等复合增材制造技术等。从宏观形貌、微观组织和力学性能3个角度出发，分析了工艺参数或工艺自身特性对增材制造成形件宏观形貌的影响，讨论了成形件显微组织演变机制及其力学性能，同时提出了单一热源与多能场辅助电弧增材制造技术在现阶段存在的问题，并给出了建议。

Research Status of Multi-energy Field Composite Additive Manufacturing Technology Based on Arc

At present, additive manufacturing technology is mainly divided into laser additive manufacturing technology, electron beam additive manufacturing technology and wire and arc additive manufacturing technology. Compared with other additive manufacturing technologies and traditional machining methods, wire and arc additive manufacturing technology has advantages of fast forming speed, low cost, high availability of raw materials, uniform and chemical composition of formed parts, and excellent mechanical properties. Therefore, it is widely used in manufacturing of large metal parts, aerospace and other fields. Similarly, due to the diversification of wire and arc additive manufacturing, parts of different standards can be manufactured. So it has gradually become the mainstream part processing technology. This paper mainly introduced the additive manufacturing technology based on arc as heat source, such as consumable electrode gas shielded welding additive manufacturing technology, cold metal transition additive manufacturing technology, non consumable electrode gas shielded welding additive manufacturing technology, plasma additive manufacturing technology and multi energy field assisted arc additive manufacturing technology, including magnetic field arc, laser arc and electric field arc composite additive manufacturing technology. In manufacturing technologies without composite additive, the purpose of consumable electrode gas shielded welding was mainly to melt the welding wire with high heat concentration to achieve the purpose of additive. Although high heat input could ensure the continuous forming in the additive manufacturing process, there were also cracks in parts and components, resulting in the failure of parts and components. Therefore, the cold metal transition additive technology optimized from the GMAW technology could fully realize low heat input and additive to manufacture parts without welding slag spatter. The additive manufacturing technology of non consumable electrode gas shielded welding was an arc cladding process that produced metal agglomeration by heating metal through the arc between non consumable electrode and base metal. This technology could not only manufacture parts with excellent mechanical properties, but also solve the additive manufacturing problems of some refractory metals. Compared with additive manufacturing technologies of gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding additive manufacturing technology, the energy beam of plasma arc additive manufacturing technology was concentrated and could form more complex workpieces, but it was still limited to additive manufacturing of simple metals. In composite additive manufacturing technologies, the mutual superposition and combination between energy and energy beam was used, or a certain degree of external field assistance such as heat, force and magnetism was added, which could have a certain impact on the macro morphology, microstructure and forming accuracy of the formed parts, and finally improve the repair rate and mechanical properties of the parts. From the perspective of macro morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties, this paper analyzed the influence of process parameters or process characteristics on the macro morphology of additive manufacturing parts, discussed the microstructure evolution mechanism of additive manufacturing parts and its influence on mechanical properties, and put forward the problems and suggestions of single heat source and multi energy field assisted arc additive manufacturing technology at the present stage.