新一代起爆药设计与合成研究进展

高氮杂环化合物是火工品新一代起爆药,表现出优异起爆点火性能,可替代现役叠氮化铅、斯蒂芬酸铅,同时满足绿色环保要求。研究关键技术是高氮杂环中间体或配体、高氮杂环配位化合物及其系列盐设计与合成。新一代起爆药主要配体是5-硝基四唑(5-NT)、5-肼基四唑(5-HT)、1,5-二氨基四唑(1,5-DAT)及三唑类,它们具有芳香性,生成热高、氮含量达61%～85%,可以设计成配阳离子、配阴离子和盐3类高能钝感起爆药。高氯酸.四氨.双(5-硝基四唑)合钴(Ⅲ)(BNCP)已应用于激光、半导体桥(SCB)等先进火工品。5-NT配体的Ni/Cu/ZnBNCP同系物、DAT铜、铁、钴、镍配阳离子起爆药、5-NT亚铁及铜、钴、镍配阴离子起爆药、肼基四唑三唑Hg、Cu、Co、Ni、Cd盐类起爆药、DTA硝酸、高氯酸盐类起爆药均是国外新一代起爆药研究重点。其典型起爆药有:CuⅡ(DAT)5(NO3)]NO3、(NH4)2FeⅡ(NT)4(H2O)2]、(NH4)2CuⅡ(NT)4(H2O)2]。

Development of a New generation Primary Explosives Designing and Synthesis

Nitrogen-rich heterocycle compounds are new generation primary explosives.They have excellent initiating and firing properties and enviroment friendship.The research key point is to design and synthesize the intermediates or ligands of nitrogen-rich heterocycle,nitrogen-rich heterocycle ligand complex compounds as well as their salt forms.The ligands of the new generation primaries are 5-nitrotetrazole(5-NT),5-hydrazinotetrazole(5-HT),1,5-diaminotetrazole(1,5-DAT) and triazoles.They all have the similar performances such as aromaticity,high heat of formation and high nitrogen content(61%~85%) which could be designed to high-energy insensitiveness primary explosives as complex cation,complexs anion and salts forms.Tetraammine bis(5-nitrotetrazolato) cobalt(Ⅲ) perchlorate(BNCP) is already used in laser and semi-conductor bridge(SCB) detonators.Homologous compounds of BNCP(5-NT ligand based Ni/Cu/Zn),DAT ligand based Cu/Fe/Co/Ni complex cation and 5-NT ligand based ferrous/Cu/Co/Ni complex anion,hydrazinotetrazole or hydrazinotrizole ligand based Hg/Cu/Co/Ni/Cd and DTA ligand nitrate/perchlorate are widely researched.The typical primary explosives are CuⅡ(DAT)5(NO3)]NO3,(NH4)2FeⅡ(NT)4(H2O)2],(NH4)2CuⅡ(NT)4(H2O)2].