疑似危险物的鉴定与评估

为配合公安机关对疑似危险物进行鉴定和评估,由国家颁布的国家标准《化学品物理危险性测试导则》和《GB/T 13226-1991工业雷管铅板试验方法》,被系统地应用于危险物的爆炸性试验鉴定与评估标准。其中,联合国隔板试验1(a)、克南试验1(b)和时间/压力试验1(c)用于鉴别危险物是否具有爆炸性;雷管敏感度试验5(a)用于确定危险物对强烈机械刺激的敏感度;铅板试验用于鉴定各种火雷管、电雷管和导爆管雷管是否具有爆炸性。利用上述试验方法,对硝酸铵(AN)和高氯酸铵(AP)样品,以及某公安机关缴获的疑似黑火药和导火索、疑似硝铵炸药、疑似电雷管和火雷管等危险物,进行了燃烧性或爆炸性的鉴定和评估。结果表明,AN不能用工业雷管起爆,AP以及与AN的混合物均具有爆炸性,能用工业雷管起爆,验证了该爆炸性试验鉴定与评估标准的有效性。疑似硝铵炸药可用联合国隔板试验1(a)鉴别出是否具有爆炸性,疑似黑火药和疑似导火索可用燃烧试验定性鉴别出是否具有燃烧性,疑似电雷管和疑似火雷管可用铅板试验鉴别出是否具有爆炸性。

Identification and Evaluation of Suspected Hazardous Materials

To cooperate the identification and evaluation of suspected hazardous materials for public security department, the national standards including "Guidelines for physical hazard testing of chemicals" and "GB/T13226-1991 lead plate test for industrial detonator" issued by country were systematically applied to the identification and evaluation of explosiveness test for hazardous materials. Among them, the UN gap test 1(a), Koenen test 1(b) and time/pressure test 1(c) were applied to identify whether the hazardous materials had explosiveness or not. The cap sensitivity test 5(a) was applied to determine the sensitivity of hazardous materials on strong mechanical stimulation. The lead plate test was applied to identify whether the electric detonator, safety fuse and flash detonator had explosiveness or not. With above-mentioned test methods, the identification and evaluation of combustibility or explosiveness for hazardous materials including ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium perchlorate (AP), suspected black powder, fuse, suspected AN explosive, suspected electric detonator and flash detonator obtained from public security department were performed. Results show that the AN can not be initiated with industrial detonator, while the AP and AP/AN mixture have explosiveness and can be initiated with industrial detonator, the effectiveness of the identification and evaluation standard of the explosiveness test is verified. Whether or not suspected AN explosive has explosiveness can be identified using UN gap test 1(a). Whether or not suspected black powders and safety fuse have combustibility can be qualitatively identified using combustion test. Whether or not suspected electric and flash detonators have explosiveness can be identified using lead plate test.