Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting using gadolinium doped titanium dioxide nanorod array photoanodes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Chemistry, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan;2. Çukurova University, Chemistry Department, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Adana, Turkey;1. College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China;2. Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;3. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China;1. Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan;1. School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;2. Advanced Materials Characterisation Facility, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Enterprise and International), Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia;1. Department of Studies in Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka, India;2. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka, India |
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| Abstract: | In this study highly oriented, rutile phase one dimensional Titania nanorod array (TiO2 NRA) modified by gadolinium doping were synthesized on the conductive glass substrate (FTO) by the hydrothermal method. The effect of Gd doping on the photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 NRA was investigated. Crystal phase, structural, morphological and composition characteristics of these synthesized photoelectrodes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). FE-SEM images clearly show that some of the Gd dopant is uniformly distributed on the surface of TiO2 NRA in the form Gadolinia (Gd2O3) microsphere. These gadolinia microsphere play an important role in reducing the surface recombination of electron and hole supported by photoluminescence's studies. Linear sweep voltammetry results show that Gd doping results in a two-fold increase in photocurrent density as compared to pristine TiO2 NRA. UV–visible spectra, and Mott-Schotty measurements show that Gd doping shift the flat-band potential of TiO2 NRA more toward negative potential that results in effective charge separation and transportation in the Gd doped TiO2 NRA (Gd@TiO2 NRA). Applied biased photon to current efficiency (ABPE) equation was used to find solar to hydrogen efficiency (STH). Gd@TiO2 NRA show optimum conversion efficiency of ~0.64% at 0.03 V vs Ag/AgCl, while pristine TiO2 NRA display ~0.33% at ?0.21 V vs Ag/AgCl. |
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| Keywords: | Hydrothermal method Gadolinia microsphere Photoelectrochemical water splitting Hydrogen generation |
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