Zinc oxide superstructures: Recent synthesis approaches and application for hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical water splitting |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Thin Films and Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune- 411 007, India;2. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong- gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut''s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand;2. Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand;3. Center of Excellence in Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand;1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India;2. Inter University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India;3. Department of Physics & Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India;4. Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India;1. Solar Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826 004, India;2. Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India;3. Surface Physics and Material Science Department, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, 700 064, India;1. Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India;3. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam;4. Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam;5. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Green Growth, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam |
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| Abstract: | “Superstructures” are basically three dimensional (3D) nano/microstructures which arise at the expense of one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) nanostructures with controlled morphology and orientation. As compared to 1D and 2D nanostructures ZnO superstructures are superior because they possess good crystallinity, integrated stacked arrays with periodic arrangement, high surface area, and good conductivity. Over the past few decades specific focus has been given on the synthesis of ZnO superstructures in view of their astonishing physicochemical properties and promising applications in numerous fields. ZnO superstructures show exceptional performance for hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because of their certain advantageous properties such as high internal surface area, enhanced scattering with improved light harvesting, reduced recombination rate, low charge transfer resistance, better crystallinity, channelled conducting pathways, etc. These properties are majorly dependent on the various morphologies of ZnO superstructures. Recently different synthesis strategies have been developed to obtain a variety of morphologies of ZnO superstructures. In view of the search for renewable energy sources in the form of hydrogen, produced through water splitting using PEC cell, it is crucial to study different recent approaches of synthesizing ZnO superstructures and understand their role in enhancing PEC performance. Herein, we recap the principles governing hierarchy, complexity, orientation and crystallinity of ZnO superstructures. In general, they are distinguished by considering their geometrical shapes and common names used in the literature and discussion is done on the strategies acquired for their synthesis. This review summarizes the reasons behind the exceptional performance of ZnO superstructures and discusses those in detail. In the field of ZnO superstructures synthesis and their applicability for hydrogen production through PEC this review will not only help in basic understanding, but also ignite innovative ideas. |
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| Keywords: | Zinc oxide Superstructures Synthesis Growth mechanism Morphology Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell |
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