Carbon materials in composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: A review of the main challenges to improve electrical performance

The technology of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is dependent on the performance of bipolar plates. There is a strong relationship between the material used in the manufacturing of the bipolar plate and its final properties. Graphite-polymer composite bipolar plates are well-established commercial products. Several other carbon based fillers are tested. Carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite nanoplatelets and expanded graphite are examples of such materials. Structural characteristics of these particles such as morphology and size have decisive influence on the final properties of bipolar plates. Furthermore, the volumetric fraction of the filler is of prime importance. There is plenty of information on individual aspects of specific composite bipolar plates in the literature. Notwithstanding, the analysis of structure-property relationship of these materials in a comprehensive source is not found. In this paper, relevant topics on the structural aspects of carbon based fillers and how they influence the final electrical performance of composite bipolar plates are discussed. It is intended that this document contribute to the development of new and maximized products to the PEM fuel cell industry.