华北土石山区典型小流域土壤水文特征与模拟研究

土壤水文特征是研究区域水土资源合理配置的基础支撑要素,根据华北土石山区土壤的地貌分异规律,综合考虑地质、植被、土地利用等因素,采用野外调查取样法、环刀法等,研究了易县崇陵流域5种典型植被(油松、侧柏、银杏、刺槐、荆条)条件下的土壤物理性质、土壤水分特征曲线、土壤入渗过程等土壤水文特征。结果表明,同一植被条件下,土壤容重随土壤深度增加逐渐增大,同一深度条件下,荆条覆盖下的土壤容重最小,其他植被覆盖条件下的土壤容重差别不显著;同一植被条件下,随深度增加,饱和含水率逐渐减小,同一植被不同深度条件下的土壤水吸力随土壤含水率的增加逐渐减小;对土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合时,发现Gardner模型适用于油松和银杏,而张景略模型适用于侧柏、刺槐和荆条;土壤入渗过程的渗润阶段发生在土壤入渗开始的前10min内,渗漏阶段持续100~120min;侧柏最佳入渗模型为Kostiakov模型,而油松、银杏、刺槐及荆条最佳入渗模型为蒋定生模型。

Study on Soil Characteristics and Simulation of Typical Basin in Rocky Mountain Area of North China

Soil hydrological characteristics are the basic supporting factors for rational allocation of regional water and soil resources. According to the landform differentiation law of soil in rocky mountain area of North China, overall consideration geology, vegetation, land use and other factors, soil hydrological characteristics were studied for five typical vegetations by field investigation and sampling method and cutting ring method in Chongling basin. The results show that under the condition of the same vegetation, soil bulk density increases with the increase of soil depth. The soil bulk density under twigs of the chaste is minimum, while the others have no significant difference. The saturated water content decreases with the increase of soil depth. The soil water suction at different depths of all vegetations increases with reduction of soil water content. Gardner model and Zhang Jinglve model are used to fit soil water characteristic curve. The Gardner model is suitable for Pinus tabulaeformis and Ginkgo biloba, while the Zhang Jinglve model is suitable for Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia and vitex. The transient phase of infiltration occurred in the first 10 minutes, and the gradual phase lasts 100~120 minutes. The best orientalis infiltration model is the Kostiakov model, and the best infiltration model for pine, gingko, locust and Vitex is Jiangdingsheng model.