深海石油工程装备技术发展现状及展望

深海工程装备主要包括深海钻采平台及辅助装备、物探装备、水下工程装备、深海运载与作业装备、超大型海洋浮式结构物等。半潜式平台是在坐底式平台基础上发展起来的一种深水浮式平台,解决了固定式平台不适于深水开发的问题。张力腿平台是在半潜式平台基础上发展起来的一种深水顺应式平台,解决了传统移动式平台的运动性能和定位难以满足深水作业需求的问题。单柱式平台的优点是运动稳定,安全性好,动态定位方便,便于拖航和安装,造价低。浮式生产储卸油船(FPSO)使海上油田开发避免了远距离长输管道和终端设施建设所需的工程投资,生产系统投产快、投资低,可转移重复使用,实现了油田的全海式开发。另外,随着世界各大石油公司在深海领域的投资不断增加,水下工程装备需求迅速上升。我国经过40多年的发展已形成了自升式钻井平台、坐底式钻井平台、导管架式平台三个技术系列,"海洋石油708"勘察船和"海洋石油981号"的投入使用,标志着我国海洋石油工业"深水战略"迈出了实质性步伐。目前我国在役的半潜式平台3座、FPSO船14艘。虽然我国海工企业已具备建造深海半潜式平台、FPSO的能力,但在规模、装备、技术水平和管理水平等方面仍存在差距。

Deep-sea Petroleum Engineering Eqiupment and Technology Today and Prospects

Deep-sea engineering equipment primarily includes deep-sea drilling platforms and auxiliary equipment,geophysical equipment,underwater engineering equipment,deep-sea carrying and operating equipment,very large floating structures,etc.The semi-submersible platform is a kind of deep-water floating platform developed based on the bottom-supported platform,aimed at solving the defect of the fixed-type platform that it is not suitable for use in deepwater development.The tension leg platform is a deep-water compliant platform developed on the basis of the semi-submersible platform to solve the problem in traditional mobile platforms that their dynamic performance and positioning are unable to meet requirements for deep-water operations.The advantages of the single-pole platform are stable movement,high security,easy dynamic positioning,easy towage and installation,and low cost.Floating production,storage and offloading facilities(FPSO) avoids the investment in long-distance pipeline and terminal facilities required in offshore oilfield development.Other benefits of FPSO include short lead time,low investment and ease of relocation for reuse,making it possible to develop an oilfield offshore throughout the development cycle.In addition,as many major oil companies increase their investment in deep-sea exploration,the demand for underwater engineering equipment is growing rapidly.After 40 years′ development,China has developed three series of deep-sea platform products — the jack-up drilling platform,bottom-supported drilling platform,and jacket platform.The start of operation of the "Offshore Oil 708" survey ship and the "Offshore Oil 981" platform sets the milestone for deep-sea development of the Chinese offshore oil industry.China currently has 3 semi-submersible platforms and 14 FPSO vessels in service.Although Chinese enterprises have the ability of constructing deep-sea semi-submersible platforms and FPSOs,there are still gaps dividing them with leading global players in production scale,equipment,technical level and management level.